The marriage allowance can be claimed by married couples and those in a civil partnership and where a spouse or civil partner does not pay tax or does not pay tax above the basic rate threshold for Income Tax (i.e., one of the couples must currently earn less than the £12,570 personal allowance for 2024-25).

The allowance works by permitting the lower earning partner to transfer up to £1,260 of their personal tax-free allowance to their spouse or civil partner. The marriage allowance can only be used when the recipient of the transfer (the higher earning partner) does not pay more than the basic 20% rate of income tax. This would usually mean that their income is between £12,571 and £50,270 during 2024-25. For those living in Scotland this would usually mean income between £12,571 and £43,662.

Using the allowance the lower earning partner can transfer up to £1,260 of their unused personal tax-free allowance to a spouse or civil partner. This could result in a saving of up to £252 for the recipient (20% of £1,260), or £21 a month for the current tax year.

If you meet the eligibility requirements and have not yet claimed the allowance you can backdate your claim as far back as 6 April 2020. This could result in a total tax break of up to £1,260 if you can claim for 2020-21, 2021-22, 2022-23, 2023-24 as well as the current 2024-25 tax year.

HMRC’s online Marriage Allowance calculator can be used by couples to find out if they are eligible for the relief. An application can then be made online at GOV.UK.

If you earn over £100,000 in any tax year your personal allowance is gradually reduced by £1 for every £2 of adjusted net income over £100,000 irrespective of age. This means that any taxable receipt that takes your income over £100,000 will result in a reduction in personal tax allowances that would reduce the allowance to zero if your adjusted net income is £125,140 or above.

Your adjusted net income is your total taxable income before any personal allowances, less certain tax reliefs such as trading losses, certain charitable donations and pension contributions.

For the current tax year, if your adjusted net income is likely to fall between £100,000 and £125,140 you would pay an effective marginal rate of tax of 60% as your £12,570 tax-free personal allowance is gradually withdrawn.

If your income sits within this band you should consider if there are any planning opportunities to avoid this personal allowance trap by reducing your income below to £100,000. This can include giving gifts to charity, increasing pension contributions and participating in certain investment schemes.

A higher rate or additional rate taxpayer who wanted to reduce their tax bill could make a gift to charity in the current tax year and then elect to carry back the contribution to 2023-24. A request to carry back the donation must be made before or at the same time as the 2023-24 self-assessment return is completed i.e., by 31 January 2025.

The definition of a connected person for tax purposes varies.

A statutory definition of “connected persons” for Capital Gains Tax purposes is set out in Section 286 of the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act (TCGA) 1992.

The legislation states:

" A person is connected with an individual if that person is the individual’s spouse or civil partner, or is a relative, or the spouse or civil partner of a relative, of the individual or of the individual’s spouse or civil partner"

In this context, ‘relative’ means brother, sister, ancestor or lineal descendant and spouses or civil partners of relatives. The term 'relative' does not cover all family relationships. In particular, it does not include nephews, nieces, uncles and aunts.

HMRC’s internal guidance on this definition also states that persons excluded are the widows or widowers, or surviving civil partners, of deceased persons, or relatives of a deceased spouse or of a deceased civil partner unless connection can be established by a route not involving the deceased. A dissolution of a civil partnership or a divorce can similarly lead to persons in addition to the former civil partner or spouse ceasing to be connected with the individual.

There are a number of government approved share schemes which offer various incentives to employees. The rules of the schemes vary but they are all designed to help incentivise employees by giving them the opportunity to invest in their employer's business. This in turn helps businesses retain and recruit key staff by offering tax efficient benefits.

They can be tax advantaged or non-tax advantaged. The tax approved schemes are Share Incentive Plans (SIPs), Save As You Earn (SAYE) schemes, Company Share Option Plans (CSOPs) and Enterprise Management Incentive (EMI) schemes. You can also qualify for tax advantages if you are an employee shareholder.

Some employers offer employee share schemes which are not approved by the government. The purchase of shares in unapproved share schemes are subject to the usual tax rules. These schemes are called non-tax advantaged share schemes, which can be:

• ‘acquisition schemes’, which give an employee free or discounted shares; or
• ‘share option schemes’, where an employee can buy shares.

Employees may also receive dividends if they own shares. These are taxed in line with the usual rules.

If you are self-employed it is important to know if an expense is tax allowable. Any allowable costs can be used to reduce your taxable profit.

As a general rule you can claim for items that you would normally use for less than 2 years as allowable expenses such as stationery and other office sundries as well as rent, rates, power and insurance costs.

HMRC lists the following office expenses as being allowable:

• office costs, for example stationery or phone bills
• travel costs, for example fuel, parking, train or bus fares
• clothing expenses, for example uniforms
• staff costs, for example salaries or subcontractor costs
• things you buy to sell on, for example stock or raw materials
• financial costs, for example insurance or bank charges
• costs of your business premises, for example heating, lighting, business rates
• advertising or marketing, for example website costs
• training courses related to your business, for example refresher courses

Regarding training costs, you can claim training costs that help you:

• improve skills and knowledge you currently use for your business;
• keep up-to-date with technology used in your industry; 
• develop new skills and knowledge related to changes in your industry; or
• develop new skills and knowledge to support your business – this includes administrative skills.

You cannot claim for training courses that help you:

• start a new business; or
• expand into new areas of business that are not related to your current business activities.

Tax relief may be available for post-cessation expenses of a trade. To be an allowable post-cessation expense the trade must have ceased and the expense must have been deductible in calculating the trading profits.

This means that the expense still has to meet the wholly and exclusively test and be revenue, not capital, expenditure. The expenditure can be apportioned if necessary. The way in which post-cessation expenses can be relieved depends on the person incurring the expenditure and the type of expenditure involved.

The following are examples of expenses that would likely be categorised as post-cessation expenses:

• remedying defective work done, goods supplied, or services rendered while the business was continuing or as damages in respect of such defective work, goods or services whether awarded by a Court or agreed during negotiations on a claim;
• paying legal or other professional expenses incurred in connection with the costs above;
• insuring against liabilities arising out of any such claim or against the incurring of such expenses; and
• collecting, or seeking to collect, debts which were taken into account in computing the profits of the trade before discontinuance.

An expense specifically relating to the cessation itself is not an allowable deduction for tax purposes.

There are special rules that determine the recoverability of VAT incurred before a business registered for VAT. This type of VAT is known as pre-registration input VAT. There are different rules for the supply of goods and services, but VAT can only be reclaimed if the pre-registration expenses relate to the supply of taxable goods or services by the newly VAT registered business.

The time limit is backdated from the date of registration and is:

• 4 years for goods on hand, or that were used to make other goods on hand; and
• 6 months for services.

The pre-trading VAT input tax should be reclaimed on a business's first VAT return. When a new VAT registration is applied for, there is an option to backdate the registration (known as the effective date of registration), this option should be considered if there is additional input tax that will be made recoverable.

There are special rules for partially exempt businesses and for businesses that have non-business income and for the purchase of capital items within the capital goods scheme.

HMRC’s internal guidance on the issue provides interesting examples. One of those relate to the purchase of a van by an individual for wholly private purposes. Three years later the individual registers for VAT and uses the van exclusively within their business. The VAT incurred on the purchase of the van will never be recoverable because there were no business activities at the time the van was bought.

Business owners often refer to VAT as if it were a cost to their business regardless of their VAT position; whether they are registered for VAT or not.

If you are not registered for VAT, you do not have to add VAT to your sales and you cannot recover any VAT you pay on purchases. In which case, under these circumstances, VAT is a cost.

If you are registered for VAT, cash you collect from your customers will include VAT – if the sales are subject to VAT – and you will pay the VAT collected (less any VAT you pay on purchases) to HMRC. As you are collecting VAT from your customers, paying VAT on purchases to your suppliers and paying the difference to HMRC, there is no overall cost to your business.

More than a million parents will receive reminders to extend Child Benefit for their teenagers if they are continuing their education or training after their GCSEs.

HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) is sending more than 1.4 million Child Benefit reconfirmation letters to parents between 24 May and 17 July. The letters will include a QR code which, when scanned, directs them straight to GOV.UK to update their claim quickly and easily online.

Child Benefit is worth up to £1,331 a year for the first or only child, and up to £881 a year for each additional child. Payments will automatically stop on 31 August on or after the child has turned 16 unless parents renew their claim where their child is continuing in education.

Parents have until 31 August to act, or their payments will automatically stop.

Letting HMRC know digitally that a child is continuing in education is the quickest way to get it sorted, with no need to contact HMRC by phone or post.

If you have not received a letter by 17 July, there is no need to worry – if eligible, you can still extend your Child Benefit claim via GOV.UK or the HMRC app.

Child Benefit can continue to be paid for children who are studying full time in approved non-advanced education, which includes:

• A levels or Scottish Highers
• International Baccalaureate
• Home education – if it started before their child turned 16, or after 16 if they have a statement of special educational needs and it was assessed by the local authority
• T levels
• NVQs, up to level 3.

Child Benefit will also continue for children studying on one of these unpaid approved training courses:

• in Wales: Foundation Apprenticeships, Traineeships or the Jobs Growth Wales+ scheme;
• in Northern Ireland: PEACEPLUS Youth Programme 3.2, Training for Success or Skills for Life and Work;
• in Scotland: Employability Fund programme and No One Left Behind.

If a child changes their mind about further education or training, parents can simply inform HMRC online or in the HMRC app and payments will be adjusted accordingly.

Parents will need a Government Gateway user ID and password to use HMRC’s online services. If they do not have one already, they can register on GOV.UK  and will just need their National Insurance number or postcode, and 2 forms of ID.

It was announced as part of the Spring Budget 2023 that Multiple Dwellings Relief (MDR) was being abolished. This change has now come into effect for transactions which complete, or substantially perform on or after 1 June 2024.

The MDR relief applied to property purchasers who bought more than one dwelling where a transaction or a number of linked transactions included freehold or leasehold interests in more than one dwelling. This was a valuable tax relief that could substantially reduce the amount of SDLT due. The government’s view was that the MDR no longer achieved its original aims in a cost-effective way and consequently the relief has been abolished.

MDR for transactions before 1 June 2024

You can claim MDR when you buy more than one dwelling if a transaction (or a number of linked transactions) includes freehold or leasehold interests in more than one dwelling. This applies to transactions where:

• contracts were exchanged on or before 6 March 2024;
• contracts were substantially performed before 1 June 2024; and
• contracts complete before 1 June 2024.

These transactions are subject to various exclusions.

Self-assessment taxpayers are usually required to pay their income tax liabilities in three instalments each year. The first two payments on account are due on 31 January during the tax year and 31 July following the tax year end date.

These payments on account are based on 50% each of the previous year’s net income tax liability. In addition, the third (or only) payment of tax will be due on 31 January following the end of the tax year. If you think that your income for the next tax year will be lower than the previous tax year, you can apply to have your payment on account reduced. This can be done using HMRC’s online service or by completing form SA303.

Please note that you do not need to make any payments on account where your net Income Tax liability for the previous tax year is less than £1,000 or if more than 80% of that year’s tax liability has been collected at source.

There are no restrictions on the number of claims to adjust payments on account a taxpayer or agent can make. The payments are based on 50% of your previous year’s net income tax liability. If your liability for 2024-25 is lower than 2023-24 you can ask HMRC to reduce your payment on account. The deadline for making a claim to reduce your payments on account for 2024-25 is 31 January 2026.

If taxable profits have increased there is no requirement to notify HMRC although the final balancing payment will be higher.